Dear Dr. Haidar 

First of all, I must tell you that I do not consider the universe rotating or in any way functioning with God at the centre. God encompasses the whole universe; this is also the position of Quran (wasiya Kursiyyuhissamaawaati wal ardh) and is the only thing possible if there is God. The universe and all its components move in relation to God, encompassing the universe. God cannot be and is not a part of the universe but controls it from around it. If God is within the universe, he becomes a fraction of it, and God cannot be smaller than the whole of universe, what to speak of a part of it. It is the theory of whadatul wujood and the concepts in Hinduism that regard God as existing within every faction.  

As far as the question of energy is concerned, the issues regarding the total energy in the universe have always been very puzzling. There are not many explanations why the universe remains in a low entropy state (despite second law of thermodynamics), why Quasars have so much energy supply, and about the drak energy. 

Quasars have become controversial on account of the extraordinary redshift they show. The present day understanding of the quasars shows that (I) they are not necessarily star-like and have complex structures, (2) though many of them are radio sources, all of them are not, and (3) the high red-shift is the continuing hallmark of the quasars. Till now, the highest red-shift available is 3.78. On the basis of the understanding of the Doppler shift, any red-shift over that of 1.00 means a faster than light-speed velocity of the source, A value of 2.00 would mean a relative speed of double the light speed. This would clearly mean that they are moving at much higher speeds than the light. But again, Einstein’s ghost scared the cosmologists who started finding out alternative explanations for this high redshift. Obviously, these attempts have not been convincing. These have led to still bigger complications. The controversy is summed up in “The Universe of Motion” by Dewey B. Larson. He says: 

“While the high redshift problem was circumvented in conventional astronomical thought by this sleight-of-hand performance with the relativity mathematics, the accompanying distance-energy problem has been more recalcitrant, and has resisted all attempts to resolve it, or to evade it. Reference was made to this problem in… ……….If the quasars are at cosmological distances—that is, the distances corresponding to the redshifts on the assumption that they are ordinary recession redshifts—then the amount of energy that they are emitting is far too great to be explained by any known energy generation process, or even any plausible speculative process. On the other hand, if the energies are reduced to credible levels by assuming that the quasars are less distant, then conventional science has no explanation for the large redshifts……..Obviously something has to give. One or the other of these two limiting assumptions has to be abandoned. Either there are hitherto undiscovered processes that generate vastly more energy than any process now known, or there are hitherto unknown factors that increase the quasar redshifts far beyond the normal recession values.” 

Then the same problem continues with the question of galaxy formation.

“Fifty cosmologists attended a conference on galaxy formation. After summarising much observational data, two of the most respected authorities optimistically estimated the probability that any existing theory on galaxy formation is correct is about 1 out of 100. (P. J. E. Peebles and Joseph Silk, “A Cosmic Book,” Nature, Vol. 335, 13 October 1988, pp. 601–606)

“In its simplest form, the Big Bang scenario doesn’t look like a good way to make galaxies. It allows too little time for the force of gravity by itself to gather ordinary matter—neutrons, protons and electrons—into the patterns of galaxies seen today. Yet the theory survives for want of a better idea.” (Peterson, Seeding the Universe, p. 184) 

“The discovery of the Great Wall of galaxies and the filamentary clumping of galactic matter has greatly surprised traditional astronomers who think that galactic matter should be uniformly distributed—according to their theories, at least. Until these discoveries, almost everyone was betting their house on a uniform distribution of galaxies throughout the universe. In fact, the exact opposite has proved to be the case: galaxies, clusters of galaxies, and even superclusters (clusters of clusters) are distributed in gigantic filamentary and sheet-like patterns…. 

“Cosmologists have tried shoehorning these discoveries into their existing theoretical structures by hypothesising different kinds of dark matter or by asserting that the Big Bang contained irregularities, which resulted in clumping of galaxies and clusters. However, all these attempts to account for the Great Wall and other structures run into other problems. For example, postulating irregularities in the Big Bang fails to explain the observed uniformity of the universe’s microwave background radiation… 

“Some cosmologists are trying to piece together models containing both cold dark matter, which may explain the stability of galaxies, and hot dark matter (neutrinos), which may explain the larger-scale structures. However, this approach seems inelegant to many theorists, who are uncomfortable hypothesising agents for which there is no observational or experimental evidence.” (New Science Paradigms, The Great wall) 

We know now that stars group into galaxies. Some 100 billion of galaxies are observable in the universe. They form huge clusters journeying through space. Galactic superclusters may contain thousands of galaxies and may stretch hundreds of millions of light years across. Superclusters are arranged in filamentary and sheet-like structures, separated by gigantic voids of apparently empty space. Fifteen or sixteen smaller galaxies along with Milky Way and Andromeda form the Local Group cluster of galaxies. Near Local Group, there is huge Virgo Cluster. These clusters and clusters of clusters are moving. The Milky Way and Andromeda are moving toward each other, the Local Group is moving toward the middle of the Virgo cluster; and the Virgo cluster and a neighbouring supercluster are speeding toward a mysterious destination called “The Great Attractor”. Moreover, using shape-finders some scientists have been able to show that for a wide range of model universes, clusters of galaxies align themselves to form one-dimensional filaments. Indeed they predict that the larger the size of a cluster the more likely it is to be filamentary in nature. Commenting on these structures and their movement, a report on the web-page of New Science Paradigms says: 

“These structures and their movements cannot be explained as part of the general expansion of the universe. Conventional astrophysics theorises that they must be guided by gravitational forces. But astronomers have not detected enough matter to account for the tremendous gravitational pull needed to explain the motions of stars in galaxy arms, galaxies and larger structures. For years now, astronomers have been haunted by a sense that the universe is controlled by forces they don’t fully understand. Recent observations provide a striking confirmation …. 

“Astronomers are up against the wall—the Great Wall of galaxy clusters. The Great Wall is the largest known structure in the universe: a 15 million-light-year thick sheet of galaxies, 500x10⁶ light years long by 200x10⁶ ly wide—and it may extend farther, into areas blocked from observation by the spiral arms of our own galaxy. The Great Wall is about 200-300x10⁶ ly from earth. It limits vast voids of nearly empty space containing almost no galaxies at all—only some vast, diffuse clouds of hydrogen. ……Both the Great Wall and the adjacent voids are far too large for classical gravity-based astrophysical theories to explain. All theories currently popular among traditional astronomers have great difficulty accounting for such enormous structures. One important observable, the 2.7 degree K cosmic background radiation—which is usually described as the afterglow of the Big Bang—argues for a very smooth, uniform distribution of galaxies. According to conventional astrophysics, the Great Wall is definitely anomalous.” 

Another important question that is baffling is the question of entropy. What requires explanation, is not the movement of the universe towards higher entropy towards an increasingly probable state of disordered state, but why the entropy today is so low, and why the universe is at present in such an unlikely state. It will be worthwhile to quote from “Quantum Physics: The Nodal Theory” by Hector C Parr:  

“……..We decided that the temporal asymmetry was not due to any of nature’s fundamental laws, but rather to the very special state of the universe, at the present time,  a state of low entropy, with significant temperature differences and gravitational instability. This state of affairs must ultimately be due to boundary conditions existing immediately after the Big Bang, conditions, which, until we know their underlying reasons, seem highly unexpected. If the universe had started out in what seems to us, a more reasonable state of randomness and disorder, then long ago it would have reached a state of equilibrium, with all the matter condensed into one gigantic mass or black hole, or with everything at the same temperature so that nothing of any significance could ever happen.” 

We cannot offer this explanation assuming that energy cannot be created or destroyed. While the entropy leads to decay, Sustenance leads to the maintenance and rebirth of the decaying material. It will be worthwhile to also quote from an article by M. Waldrop here. He says: 

“A laser is a self-organising system in which particles of light, photons, can spontaneously group themselves into a single powerful beam that has every photon moving in lockstep. A hurricane is a self-organising system powered by the steady stream of energy coming in from the sun, which drives the winds and draws rainwater from the oceans. A living cell—although much too complicated to analyse mathematically—is a self-organising system that survives by taking in energy in the form of food and excreting energy in the form of heat and waste……. 

“The second law asserts that all of nature is on a one-way ticket to disorder and decay. Yet this does not square with the general patterns we observe in nature. The very concept of "entropy," outside the strict limits of thermodynamics, is a problematic one.  

"Thoughtful physicists concerned with the workings of thermodynamics realise how disturbing is the question of, as one put it, ‘how a purposeless flow of energy can wash life and consciousness into the world.’ Compounding the trouble is the slippery notion of entropy, reasonably well defined for thermodynamic purposes in terms of heat and temperature, but devilishly hard to pin down as a measure of disorder. Physicists have trouble enough measuring the degree of order in water, forming crystalline structures in the transition to ice, energy bleeding away all the while. But thermodynamic entropy fails miserably as a measure of the changing degree of form and formlessness in the creation of amino acids, of micro-organisms, of self-reproducing plants and animals, of complex information systems like the brain. Certainly these evolving islands of order must obey the second law. The important laws, the creative laws, lie elsewhere." 

How the universe maintains its harmony isan open question. Do the maintenance of harmony and the enforcement of Natural Laws not require regular flow of energy? If there isharmony, it will have to be explained. Bohm tried it with the help of his Implicate Order. Bohm rejects the assumption that wave-function collapse gives the most complete picture, and avoids the notion of the collapse altogether. Bohm’s ontological interpretation assumes the existence of real particles, which are complex structures, and are always accompanied by a quantum field. It argues that these particles are not only acted upon by the electromagnetic forces but also by what is called the Quantum Potential. It is this potential that carries the information and provides nonlocal connections. It corresponds to the Implicate Order, which is like a vast ocean of energy on which the physical world is just like a ripple. The Standard Quantum theory, on the other hand, points to a universal quantum field—the quantum vacuum or zero point field--underlying the material world. The energy density of this quantum vacuum is estimated to be about 10^-108 J/cm². 

If we assume the whole universe to be rotating on its axis, it means we are assuming that the universe is in a continuous state of acceleration, which requires a regular supply of energy either from within or from outside. If it is from within it will rapidly lead to the decay of the system that is present inside. If the decay is not there or not as rapid as it should be, the supply should be from outside. 

Javed